1. explain why business services are disproportionately concentrated in global cities.

The index is built out of sixteen indicators that map onto the following three themes: population demographics, underlying population health issues, and health infrastructure. The COVID-19 vulnerability index, released by the nonprofit Social Progress Imperative, harmonized a broad range of datasets to create a Census-tract-level, weighted-index of vulnerability of contracting COVID. It also shows up in susceptibility to many illnesses, such as COVID-19. and other cities is linked not only to economic outcomes. neighborhoods with a majority white population had less than 10 percent of their families living below the poverty line, while that was true of just 22 percent of majority Black neighborhoods. Moreover this “two cities” segregation was reflected in significant inequalities in urban poverty: some 94 percent of D.C. In a previous blog, we showed how the District of Columbia remained mostly segregated along east-west lines between 19. is a case study of how race and poverty closely overlap and how damaging racial segregation and poverty persists even in the nation’s capital. Adding to the generational barriers facing young Black Americans, a 2018 study by Chetty finds that, after controlling for parental income, Black boys have lower incomes in adulthood than white boys in 99 percent of census tracts. Jargowsky for the New Century Foundation. Today, one in four Black Americans are stuck in high-poverty neighborhoods, compared with one in six Hispanics and just one in thirteen white Americans, according to a report by Paul A. The proportion of Blacks encountering that pattern is also greater than for other groups.

The long-term effects of being born and raised in a high-poverty neighborhood are thus far more persistent and damaging for Blacks than for whites.

As Sharkey notes, Black Americans are far more likely than whites to be “ stuck in place.” He found that two-thirds of Black Americans brought up in the poorest neighborhoods remain in the poorest quarter of neighborhoods after a generation meanwhile only 40 percent of whites brought up in the poorest neighborhoods remain there. Moreover, when families live for long periods in such conditions it is not only deleterious to the family, but the impact on the family differs significantly by race. Being born and raised in grinding, persistent poverty damages children’s long-term outcomes.

1. explain why business services are disproportionately concentrated in global cities.